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Processing Technology Innovation in the Food Industry
Peter J Fryer
School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Cornelis Versteeg
Innovative Foods Centre, Food Science Australia, Werribee VIC; CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, North Ryde NSW
Abstract
The food industry is as old as civilization; and many of its process operations are thousands of years old, such as brewing (developed in Sumeria and Babylon) and baking (developed in Egypt ca. 8000 BC). The modern food manufacturing industry evolved during and after the Industrial Revolution; Thorne (1986) attributes the beginnings of the industry to the first heat sterilisation plant developed by Appert in France in the early 1800s.
Since then the modern food industry has become highly diverse and very large. For example, food chain industries employ 12.7% of the UK workforce (3.8 million jobs), and economic flows through the food chain account for about 8% of UK GDP. Likewise, in 2004/5 the Australian processed food industry employed over 180,000 people and was the largest manufacturing sector, accounting for 17% of that sector’s employment (Australian Food Statistics 2006) and about AU$ 70 billion turnover.
Although there are a small number of major multinational companies with global brands (such as Nestle, Unilever, Danone, Kraft and Mars), they have only a fraction of the market, with 99% of companies in the EU market being Small or Medium Enterprises (SME’s). Of the 50 largest food and beverage processing companies in Australia, Nestle comes 4th, Unilever 18th, Kraft 31st and Effem Foods (which includes Masterfoods and Mars), 13th (Food Magazine 2007). Also the power of the retail sector’s own-brands is substantial and growing, reducing the influence and profitability of multinational food companies. This makes the food industry structurally different from (for example) the pharmaceutical or personal care industries, in which the large multinationals tend to dominate the whole industry.
Keywords
food innovation, food processing, heat sterilisation, FMCG industries, ohmic heating, microwave plasma
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