Behavioural additionality in the context of regional innovation policy in Spain
Sergio M Afcha Chávez
University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
PP: 095 - 110
Abstract
This paper analyses the impact of R&D public funding on the technological cooperation between manufacturing firms in the period from 1998 to 2005. Special attention is paid to the different levels of government-promoted innovation policies, and how these differences in governmental decisions affect cooperation activities with different partners, universities or technological centres, customers and suppliers.
Matching estimators are used to address endogeneity problems, and the results show that regional subsidies are especially effective in fostering cooperation with universities and technology centres in those firms not currently engaged in R&D cooperation. On the other hand, the results show that subsidies at a national level have a higher impact by stimulating cooperation with universities and technology centres of those firms already engaged in R&D cooperation.
Keywords
R&D subsidies; R&D cooperation; policy evaluation; national and regional innovation systems; behavioural additionality; matching methods
References
Almus, M. and Czarnitzki, D. (2003) The effects of public R&D subsidies on firms' innovation activities: The case of Eastern Germany, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 21(2): 226-236.
Arora, A. and Gambardella, A. (1990) Complementarity and external linkages: The strategies of the large firms in biotechnology, Journal of Industrial Economics 38(4): 361-379.
Arora, A. and Gambardella, A. (1994) Evaluating technological information and utilizing it: Scientific knowledge, technological capability and external linkages in biotechnology, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 24(1): 91-114.
Arranz, N. and Fdez. De Arroyabe, J. (2008) The choice of partners in R&D cooperation: An empirical analysis of Spanish firms, Technovation 28(1-2): 88-100.
Arrow, K. (1962) Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention, In: Nelson R (Ed.) The rate and direction of inventive activity: Economic and social factors, pp. 609-625, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Audretsch, D., Menkveld, A. and Thurik, A. (1996) The decision between internal and external R&D, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 152(3): 519-530.
Autio, E., Kanninen, S. and Gustafsson, R. (2008) First- and second-order additionality and learning outcomes in collaborative R&D programs, Research Policy 37(1): 59-76.
Aydalot, P. and Keeble, D. (1988) High technology industry and innovative environments: The European experience, Routledge and Keagan Paul, London.
Becker, W. and Dietz, J. (2004) R&D cooperation and innovation activities of firms - evidence for the German manufacturing industry, Research Policy 33(2): 209-223.
Belderbos, R., Carree, M. and Lokshin, B. (2004) R&D cooperation and firm performance, Research Policy 33(10): 1477-1492.
Belderbos, R., Carree, M. and Lokshin, B. (2006) Complementarities in R&D cooperation strategies, Review of Industrial Organization 28(4): 401-426.
Bergman, K., Ejermo, O., Fischer, J., Hallonsten, O., Kalsø, H. and Moodysson, J. (2010) Effects of VINNOVA programs on small and medium sized enterprises - the cases of Forska&Väx and VINN NU, CIRCLE, Lund University, Sweden.
Blanes, V. and Busom, I. (2004) Who participates in R&D subsidy programs? The case of Spanish manufacturing firms, Research Policy 33(10): 1459-1976.
Brazyck, H., Cooke, P. and Heidenreich, M. (Eds) (1998) Regional innovation systems, UCL Press, London.
Buisseret, T., Cameron, H. and Georghiou, L. (1995). What difference does it make additionality in the public support of R&D in large firms, International Journal of Technology Management 10(4-6): 587-600.
Busom, I. (2000) An empirical evaluation of the effects of R&D subsidies, Economic Innovation and New Technology 9(2): 111-148.
Busom, I. and Fernández-Ribas, A. (2008). The impact of firm participation in R&D programmes on R&D partnerships, Research Policy 37(2): 240-257.
Castells, M. and Hall, P. (1994) Technopoles of the world: The making of twenty-first-century industrial complexes, Routledge, London.
Clark, J. (2010). Coordinating a conscious geography: The role of research centres in multi-scalar innovation policy and economic development in the US and Canada, The Journal of Technology Transfer 35(5): 460-474.
Clarysse, B., Wright, M. and Mustar, P. (2009). Behavioural additionality of R&D subsidies: A learning perspective, Research Policy 38(10): 1517-1533.
Cohen, W. and Levinthal, D. (1989). Innovation and learning: The two faces of R&D, Economic Journal 99(397): 569-596.
Cooke, P. and Memedovic, O. (2003) Strategies for regional innovation systems: Learning transfer and application, Policy Papers, UNIDO, Vienna.
Cooke, P. and Morgan, K. (1998) The associational economy: Firms, regions and innovation, Oxford University Press, New York.
Czarnitzki, D. (2006) Research and development in small and medium sized enterprises: The role of financial constraints and public funding, Scottish Journal of Political Economy 53(3): 335-357.
Czarnitzki, D. and Fier, A. (2002) Do innovation subsidies crowd out private investment: Evidence from the German service sector, Applied Economics Quarterly 48(1): 1-25.
Czarnitzki, D. and Licht, G. (2006) Additionality of public R&D grants in a transition, Economy Economics of Transition 14(1): 101-131.
Czarnitzki, D., Ebersberger, B. and Fier, A. (2007) The relationship between R&D collaboration, subsidies and R&D performance: Empirical evidence from Finland and Germany, Journal of Applied Econometrics 22(7): 1347-1366.
Dosi, G., Pavitt, K., Freeman, C., Nelson, R. and Soete, L. (1988) Technical change and economic theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Duguet, E. (2004) Are R&D subsidies a substitute or a complement to privately funded R&D? Evidence from France using propensity score methods for non-experimental data, Revue d'Economie Politique 114(2): 263-292.
Falk, R. (2007) Measuring the effects of public support schemes on firms' innovation activities: Survey evidence from Austria, Research Policy 36(5): 665-679.
Fier, A., Aschhoff, B. and Löhlein, H. (2006) Behavioural additionality of public R&D funding in Germany, In: OECD (Ed.) Government R&D funding and company behaviour, measuring behavioural additionality, pp. 127-149, OECD Publishing, Paris.
Fritsch, M. and Lukas, R. (2001) Who cooperate on R&D? Research Policy 30(2): 297-312.
Fritsch, M. and Stephan, A. (2005) Regionalization of innovation policy: Introduction to the special issue, Research Policy 34(8): 1123-1127.
Garcia-Quevedo, J. and Afcha, S. (2009). El impacto del apoyo público a la I + D empresarial: Un análisis comparativo entre las subvenciones estatales, Investigaciones Regionales 15(2): 277-294.
Georghiou, L. and Clarysse, B. (2006) Introduction and synthesis, In: Government R&D funding and company behaviour, measuring behavioural additionality, pp. 9-38, OECD publishing, Paris.
González, X. and Pazó, C. (2008) Do public subsidies stimulate private R&D activities? Research Policy 37(3): 371-389.
Hagedoorn, J. (1993) Understanding the rationale of strategic technology partnering: Interorganizational modes of cooperation and sectoral differences, Strategic Management Journal 14(5): 371-385.
Hagedoorn, J., Link, A. and Vonortas, N. (2000) Research partnerships, Research Policy 31(4-5): 567-586.
Heckman, J., Ichimura, H. and Todd, P. (1998) Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator, The Review of Economic Studies 65(2): 261-294.
Herrera, L. and Heijs, J. (2007) Difusión y adicionalidad de las ayudas públicas a la innovación, Revista de Economía Aplicada 44(15): 177-197.
Herrera, L. and Nieto, M. (2008) The national innovation policy effect according to firm location, Technovation 28(8): 540-550.
Hussinger, K. (2008) R&D and subsidies at the fi rm level: An application of parametric and semi-parametric two-step selection models, Journal of Applied Econometrics 23(6): 729-747.
Hyvärynen, J. and Rautiainen, A. (2007) Measuring additionality and systemic impacts of public research and development funding the case of TEKES, Finland, Research Evaluation 16(3): 205-215.
IWT (2006) Study and evaluation of the behavioural additionality of R&D-subsidies, IWT, Brussels.
Katz, J. (1994) Geographical proximity and scientific collaboration, Scientometrics 31(1): 31-43.
Lach, S. (2002) Do R&D subsidies stimulate or displace private R&D? Evidence from Israel, Journal of Industrial Economics 50(4): 369-390.
Laursen, K. and Salter, A. (2004) Searching high and low: What types of firms use universities as a source of innovation? Research Policy 33(8): 1201-1215.
Lechner, M. (2008) A note on endogenous control variables in causal studies, Statistics & Probability Letters 78(2): 190-195.
Leuven, E. and Sianesi, B. (2003) PSMATCH2: Stata module to perform full Mahalanobis and propensity score matching, common support graphing, and covariate imbalance testing, Statistical Software Components S432001, Boston College Department of Economics.
Miotti, L. and Sachwald, F. (2003). Cooperative R&D: Why and with whom? An integred framework of analysis, Research Policy 32(8): 1481-1499.
Mody, A. (1993) Learning through alliances, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 20(2): 151-170.
Mohnen, P. and Hoareau, C. (2003) What type of enterprise forges close links with universities and government labs? Evidence from CIS 2, Managerial and Decision Economics 24(2-3): 133-145.
Monjon, S. and Waelbroeck, P. (2003) Assessing spillovers from universities to firms: Evidence from French firm level data, International Journal of Industrial Organization 21(9): 1255-1270.
Nelson, R. (1959) The simple economics of basic scientific research, Journal of Political Economy 67: 148-163.
Nuur, C., Gustavsson, L. and Laestadius, S. (2009) Promoting regional innovation systems in a global context, Industry and Innovation 16(1): 123-139.
Perry, B. (2007) The multi-level governance of science policy in England, Regional Studies 41(8): 1051-1067.
Porter, M. (1998) Clusters and the new economics of competition, Harvard Business Review 76(6): 77-90.
Rosenbaum, P. and Rubin, D. (1983) The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for casual effects, Biometrica 70(1): 41-55.
Saxenian, A. (1994) Regional advantage: Industrial adaptation in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Schmiedeberg, C. (2008) Complementarities of innovation activities: An empirical analysis of the German manufacturing sector, Research Policy 37(9): 1492-1503.
Segarra-Blasco, A. and Arauzo-Carrod, J.-M. (2008) Sources of innovation and industry- university interaction: Evidence from Spanish firms, Research Policy 37(8): 1283-1295.
Storper, M. (1995) The resurgence of regional economics, 10 years later: The region as a nexus of untraded interdependencies, European Urban and Regional Studies 2(3): 191-221.
Teece, D. (1980) Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 1(3): 223-247.
Tether, B. (2002) Who cooperates for innovation, and why: An empirical analysis, Research Policy 31(6): 947-967.
Tödtling, F. and Trippl, M. (2005) One size fits all? Towards a differentiated regional innovation policy approach, Research Policy 34(8): 1203-1219.
Veugelers, R. (1997) Internal R&D expenditures and external technology sourcing, Research Policy 26(3): 303-315.
Vinding, A. (2006) Absorptive capacity and innovative performance: A human capital approach, Economic of Innovation and New Technology 15(4/5): 507-517.

eContent Home




